Babiana rubrocyanea
Babiana rubrocyanea (Jacq.) Ker Gawl.
Family: Iridaceae
Common names: blue-and-red babiana, wine-cup baboon-root, winecup babiana (Eng.); kelkiewynbobbejaantjie, rooibloubobbejaantjie (Afr.)
Introduction
Babiana rubrocyanea is perfect for those seeking a visually stunning and unique floral display. Its striking dark blue flowers with a red centre are truly a delight for the eyes.
Description
Description
Babiana rubrocyanea is a deciduous perennial geophyte that grows only 50–150 mm up to 250 mm tall. The stem flexes outward and inclines, often branching, and has a fibrous collar at the base. The lanceolate leaves are characterized by pleats and a hairy texture. Stems and leaves emerge in winter and spring, and the plant flowers from late winter to spring, between August and mid-September (southern Hemisphere). Aboveground parts die back at the beginning of summer, and the plant persists through its tunic-covered corm until the next growing season. Its inflorescences consist of five to ten flowers each, arranged in inclined spikes. Each flower is subtended by two velvety green bracts with brown tips. The outer bracts are trilobed at the apex, measuring 18–30 mm in length, while the inner bracts are slightly shorter and divided to the base. The striking dark blue flowers have a carmine-coloured centre, lined with white and are odourless. Six subequal and widely-cupped tepals, 20–24 mm long, merge into a symmetrical star shape with a narrowly funnel-shaped tube, 15–20 mm long. The stamens are usually unilateral, with filaments 10–13 mm long that arch over the lower tepals. Reddish-brown anthers, 6–7 mm long, with brown pollen, face towards the top of the inflorescence. At the base of the flower, the ovary is covered in hair and is topped by a style dividing opposite the middle of the anthers into three short arms with broad, flattened tips, 2 mm long. The seed capsules are small and rounded.
Plants of this species can be distinguished by the combination of their striking blue and red flowers with reddish-brown anthers and pollen, subequal and symmetrical tepals, unilateral stamens facing towards the top of the inflorescence, and style with short, broad-tipped branches.
Conservation Status
Status
Babiana rubrocyanea is currently assessed as Endangered (EN) by the Red List of South African Plants. It has a small and fragmented distribution that is experiencing continued decline due to habitat loss and degradation. As of 2015, over 80% of the lowland Renosterveld habitat of this species has been lost to crop cultivation. Other threats include urban expansion around Darling, the uncontrolled spread of alien invasive plants, especially grasses, and habitat degradation resulting from intense grazing. Certain subpopulations exist in renosterveld areas that experience infrequent burning, which can negatively impact fynbos species dependent on fire for regeneration.
Distribution and habitat
Distribution description
Babiana rubrocyanea is endemic to the Western Cape Province of South Africa where it occurs between Swartwater and Mamre. It prefers stony and sandy granitic slopes in Renosterveld vegetation and damp, alluvial sandy soils over clay.
Derivation of name and historical aspects
History
Babiana belongs to the iris family (Iridaceae), a family encompassing approximately 65 genera and 1 800 species worldwide. Within this family, Babiana comprises about 93 species, primarily found in the winter-rainfall zone of southern Africa, extending into the Upper Karoo, northeastern South Africa, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The genus name is derived from the Cape Dutch word babiaan, meaning ‘baboon’, chosen due to the affinity of this native African primate for Babiana corms. The specific epithet rubrocyanea is of Latin origin, translating to ‘red cyan’, referring to the striking colouring of its flowers.
Babiana rubrocyanea was initially documented by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1791, and he assigned the name Ixia rubrocyanea to it. In 1804, John Bellenden Ker Gawler, who had previously proposed the genus name Babiana for bobbejaantjie species in 1802, reassigned it to his newly introduced genus and established the new combination B. rubrocyanea.
Ecology
Ecology
Hopliine beetles, the nectarivorous horsefly Philoliche atricornis and the occasional bee have been observed frequenting the flowers and are likely the pollinators of this species.
Uses
Use
Babiana rubrocyanea has no known economic or cultural uses except for its horticultural cultivation. Several species of Babiana such as B. nervosa, B. ringens, B. ambigua, B. odorata and B. nana are cultivated for their ornamental flowers.
Growing Babiana rubrocyanea
Grow
Babiana rubrocyanea is endemic to the winter-rainfall region and naturally requires a wet, frost-free winter and a dry summer. Plants can be grown in frost-free summer-rainfall areas if the corms can be kept dry during the dormant period in the summer. They can withstand temperatures down to 5°C. This deciduous species grows during the winter and spring and remains dormant throughout the summer and autumn.
They are hardy plants well suited for growth in containers or dedicated rock pockets in the garden. While they only flower between August and mid-September (southern Hemisphere), flowering plants make an impressive and striking display, truly a feast for the eyes. In ideal conditions their numbers will increase little by little every year.
Grow Babiana rubrocyanea in full sun or bright light in a well-draining medium consisting of fine bark or fine compost, mixed with equal parts coarse river sand and industrial silica sand. They do tolerate other soil types. Drench heavily two times a week, or more often if needed, during the growing period. Plants may enter dormancy prematurely if the growing medium dries out excessively. Keep the corms completely dry during the dormant period.
Propagate this species from seeds or corms. Propagation from seeds is better suited for growing in pots, while corms fare well in both pots and the garden. Sow seeds in autumn, directly into the desired pot or container. The container should be at least 20–30 cm deep. Separate cormlets from the fibrous collar in the summer and plant them in the early autumn with the corm neck about 3 cm deep. The use of a weak general fertiliser during the growing period is optional. Plants grown from seeds usually flower in their second or third year but may flower as early as seven months if grown in ideal conditions.
The corms are susceptible to Fusarium fungus if the soil does not drain well enough or if the plants are overwatered. It may also affect the leaves in the wet winter period. The Fusarium infection will present as reddish lesions. Treat Fusarium infection by removing the infected tissues to avoid it spreading and by treatment of fungicides labelled for Fusarium. The corms may also be attacked by mealybugs and the leaves by red spider mites. This can be treated by manually removing the insects, infected plant parts, or plants (in extreme cases), or by use of a systemic insecticide labelled for mealybugs/red spider mites. Topical application of neem oil or insecticidal soap may also work.
References
- Adcock, R. 2014-08. Observation of Babiana rubrocyanea, Darling, Western Cape. iNaturalist. Online. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/11024326.
- Du Toit, C. 2022-09. Observation of Babiana rubrocyanea, Darling, Western Cape. iNaturalist. Online. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/135221699.
- Duncan, G. 2010. Grow bulbs. A guide to the cultivation of bulbs of South Africa and neighboring countries. Kirstenbosch Gardening Series. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town.
- Goldblatt, P. & Manning, J. 2007. A revision of the southern African genus Babiana, Iridaceae: Crocoidea. Strelitzia 18. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
- Goldblatt, P. & Manning, J.C. 2020. Iridaceae of southern Africa. Strelitzia 42. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
- janeennichols. 2013-09. Observation of Babiana rubrocyanea, Darling, Western Cape. iNaturalist. Online. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/10901937.
- jpot123. 2013-09. Observation of Babiana rubrocyanea, Darling, Western Cape. iNaturalist. Online. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/145115667.
- Linda Hibbin, L. 2022-09. Observation of Babiana rubrocyanea, Darling, Western Cape. iNaturalist. Online. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/135695972.
- Stearn, W.T. 2004. Botanical Latin. Timber Press, Oregon.
- Van der Merwe, J. 2014-08. Observation of Babiana rubrocyanea, Darling, Western Cape. iNaturalist. Online. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/11025774.
- Von Staden, L. 2015. Babiana rubrocyanea (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2020.1. Accessed on 2024/01/08.
Credits
Natasha Lombard
National Herbarium, Pretoria
February 2024
Acknowledgements: images by corriedt (Corrie du Toit), richardadcock (Richard Adcock), lindalakeside (Linda Hibbin), jacquesmerwe923 (Jacques van der Merwe), jpot123 and janeennichols.
Plant Attributes:
Plant Type: Bulb
SA Distribution: Western Cape
Soil type: Sandy, Clay, Loam
Flowering season: Spring
PH: Acid
Flower colour: Blue, Red
Aspect: Full Sun
Gardening skill: Average
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