Cineraria cyanomontana
Cineraria cyanomontana Cron
Family: Asteraceae
Common names: Blouberg cineraria
Introduction
Cineraria cyanomontana is a small herbaceous plant endemic to the Blouberg Mountain in Limpopo Province. It is a perennial plant with grey or ash-coloured leaves that grows near the summit, amongst the rocks, on slopes in the mist belt, experiencing seasonal light frost.
Fig. 1. Leaf morphology of Cineraria cyanomontana. Photo: Prof Glynis Goodman-Cron
Description
Description
Cineraria cyanomontana is a small herbaceous perennial plant of the sunflower or daisy family (Asteraceae) that lives for more than 2 years. The plant is multi-stemmed and grows up to 450 mm tall. The stems are usually hairy but eventually become hairless at the woody base, when mature. The leaf is assembled as discrete leaflets and palmately veined (Fig. 1). The plant produces small daisy-like flowerheads with 7 or 8 yellow ray florets and 32 disc florets in a lax panicle of 3 to 12 flowers. Cineraria cyanomontana is known to flower in winter (June) and summer (December).
Fig. 2. Flower morphology of the closely related Cineraria lyratiformis, which is similar to that of C. cyanomontana. Photo: Deon du Plessis
Cineraria cyanomontana is commonly confused with Cineraria aspera based on leaf morphology. Key among the differentiating characters is the shape of the leaf margins (lobes). The leaf margins of C. cyanomontana are entire (Fig. 1), meaning they are smooth and neither toothed nor lobed, while the leaf margins of of C. aspera are toothed (dentate) (Fig. 3). The inflorescence (panicle of flowers) of C. cyanomontana is more open than the more compacted inflorescence of C. aspera.
Fig. 3. Leaf morphology of the closely related Cineraria aspera. Photo: Reuben Heydenrych
Conservation Status
Status
According to Helme et al. (2007) Cineraria cyanomontana is Endangered (EN) in terms of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red Data Criteria. This is because the plant is not common and is endemic to the Blouberg Mountains in the Limpopo Province and thus has a restricted distribution and a small population size.
Distribution and habitat
Distribution description
Cineraria cyanomontana is only found in Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld in the Blouberg Mountains of Limpopo Province. The plant is known from one location with less than 250 plants. Cineraria cyanomontana has strict habitat requirements and it is restricted to the mist belt grassland slopes. The plant grows between the rocks, which are light coloured, medium to coarse-grained quartzites,at altitudes of 1 700-2 000m above sea level (Fig. 4).
The climate where C. cyanomontana occurs is a semi-arid, summer rainfall area. The temperature in the mountain range is cooler with a mean minimum temperature of 6⁰C with occasional frost. The summer temperature ranges from 16-40⁰C while the winter temperature falls between 12-22⁰C. The plant grows in the mist belt on the south-facing slopes of Blouberg Mountain where there is less sunlight and heat compared to the northern aspect. The average annual rainfall at the highest point (summit) of the Blouberg Mountain ranges from 800 to 1 000 mm. The southern slope where Cineraria cyanomontana occurs generally yields the highest precipitation because of mist.
Fig. 4. The Blouberg Mountain, habitat of Cineraria Cyanomontana. Photo Prof Glynis Goodman-Cron
Derivation of name and historical aspects
History
This species Cineraria cyanomontana was first collected in 1953 by Elsie Esterhuysen on Blouberg Mountain, and it was described by Cron and Balkwill in 1997. The genus Cineraria was described by Harvey in the Flora Capensis in 1865. It was revised by Cron, Balkwill and Knox in 2006 to host 35 plant species distributed in southern and East Africa. Southern Africa is home to 27 known species of Cineraria which constitute 77% and 17 species are endemic to South Africa. Cineraria species are mostly found in the mountains and many are linked with certain types of rocks such as quartzite.
The name Cineraria is derived from the Latin word cinerarius, meaning ‘grey or ash-coloured’ inspired by the colour of the leaves of the first species described in the genus. The name cyanomontana is also coined from two Latin words, cyano, which means ‘blue’ and montana that translates to ‘mountains’, i.e. ‘blue mountains’, referring to the Blouberg Mountains where this species occurs. The name Blouberg is from the Afrikaans blou, meaning ‘blue’, and berg meaning ‘mountain’.
Fig. 5. Voucher specimen of Cineraria Cyanomontana. Photo Prof Glynis Goodman-Cron
Ecology
Ecology
Although no pollination studies of Cineraria cyanomontana have been published, a related species, Cineraria aspera, is pollinated by small beetles. A similar group of pollinators could be playing a role in the reproduction and population stability of Cineraria cyanomontana. Despite that, researchers have not yet studied the impact of life history, reproduction and vegetation features on the habitat requirement of the plant. Soil and altitude are important factors for the adaptation of Cineraria cyanomontana.
Cineraria cyanomontana is adapted to quartzite-derived soils and high altitude. This area experiences frequent mist and frost, resembling low altitudinal Fynbos type of vegetation. The altitudinal range is probably associated with moisture requirements as Cineraria cyanomontana is restricted to the seasonal mist belt. The adaptation of Cineraria cyanomontana to grow amongst rocks could offer protection from fire induced by grassland burning.
Uses
Use
There is no information on the uses of Cineraria cyanomontana. This is possibly because it is rarely encountered by people as it is only found at the highest point (summit) of Blouberg Mountains. It is unlikely that the plant is directly threatened by harvesting for medicinal use nor by other forms of human-induced habitat destruction, because its mountain top habitat is not being used by people in the same way that the lowland areas are prone to agricultural and other human disturbances.
Out of all known Cineraria species, only two species, Cineraria aspera and Cineraria lyratiformis, are used by Sotho people to treat asthma, colic, and tuberculosis. The dried plants of these related species are burned and inhaled to treat colds and respiratory problems, while the decoctions are orally consumed to relieve colic.
Growing Cineraria cyanomontana
Grow
The plant has never been cultivated or propagated anywhere. Cineraria cyanomontana has strict habitat requirements. This plant requires a position at high altitude that experiences frequent mist and frost. The typical vegetation type is similar to that of Fynbos, which is found in the Western Cape Province, however, the Fynbos is situated at lower altitude, and experiences winter rainfall and is a frost free area.
The plant grows best on a south-facing slope, receiving a lot of rain in summer and experiencing seasonal mist, low sun radiation and sandy, quartzitic soils. This is a very rare environmental condition that may explain the isolated locality of Cineraria cyanomontana.
References
- Cron, G.V. & Balkwill, K. 1997. Cineraria cyanomontana and C. argillacea (Senecioneae, Asteraceae), two new montane endemics from South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 63:400-403.
- Cron, G.V., Balkwill, K. & Knox, E.B. 2006. A revision of the genus Cineraria (Asteraceae, Senecioneae). Kew Bulletin 61: 449-535.
- Cron, G.V., Balkwill, K. & Knox, E.B. 2009. Biogeography, rarity and endemism in Cineraria (Asteraceae-Senecioneae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 160: 130-148.
- Du Plessis, D. 2022. Observation of Cineraria lyratiformis. Drakensberg, Eastern Cape. iNaturalist. Online. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/121917095.
- Hahn, N. 2017. Endemic flora of the Soutpansberg, Blouberg and Makgabeng. South African Journal of Botany 113: 324-336.
- Harvey. W.H. 1865. Flora Capensis. Vol. 3: 307-314. Hodges. Smith & Co., Dublin.
- Helme, N.A., Raimondo, D. & Cron, G.V. 2007. Cineraria cyanomontana Cron. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2020.1. Accessed on 2022/08/16
- Heydenrych, R. 2023-02-27. Observation of Cineraria aspera, Bojanala Municipality, North West. iNaturalist. Online. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/149998324.
- Mostert, T.H.C. 2010. Vegetation ecology of the Soutpansberg and Blouberg area in the Limpopo Province. Doctoral dissertation. University of Pretoria.
Credits
Lesibana Petrus Maema & Moleseng Claude Moshobane
Thohoyandou National Botanical Garden
March 2023
Acknowledgements: the authors thank Professor Goodman-Cron for providing images of Cineraria cyanomontana, Deon du Plessis for the image of Cineraria lyratiformis and Reuben Heydenrych for the image of Cineraria aspera used in this article.
Plant Attributes:
Plant Type: Perennial
SA Distribution: Limpopo
Soil type: Metal-rich
Flowering season: Early Summer, Winter
PH: Acid
Flower colour: Yellow
Aspect: Morning Sun (Semi Shade), Afternoon Sun (Semi Shade)
Gardening skill: Challenging
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