Hygrophila auriculata
Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine
Family: Acanthaceae
Common names: marsh barbel (Eng.); kokilasha, gokulakanta, vayalchulli, neermulli (India); neeramulli (Sri Lanka); kulekhara (Bangladesh)
Introduction
Hygrophila auriculata is a spiny herbaceous shrub that grows in marshes and on the edges of water bodies; it has numerous medicinal uses, the leaves can be eaten as a vegetable, and the flowers produce nectar that attracts bees and butterflies.
Description
Description
Hygrophila auriculata is a small herbaceous shrub or annual that grows up to 1.5 m tall. This plant has a straight, quadrangular, unbranched or sparsely branched, reddish-brown stem, covered in fine whitish hairs. The stem appears swollen and thickened at the nodes. The leaves are stalkless, lanceolate to linear lanceolate, with pointed tips, growing between 50-100 mm long and 15-25 mm wide. They grow in whorls, 4 pairs of leaves emerge from each axil, with outer pairs appearing longer and larger, they grow facing upwards. They are covered with bristly hairs on both surfaces, and the margins are finely toothed.
Flowers are purple, violet blue, or mauve, in dense whorls at each node. They are usually surrounded by up to 6 strong, yellow spines that are 20-30 mm long, and leaf like bracts in each whorl. The flowers are bilabiate (2-lipped), with an upper and a lower lip. The upper lip has 2 lobes and the lower has 3 lobes that are longer than the upper lobes. The middle lower lobe usually has 2 yellow-orange spots. It is a winter flowering plant, flowering from June to August in South Africa. The seed capsule is oblong, covered with white hairs that attract moisture from the environment. It contains 4 to 8 seeds, that are almost egg-shaped.
Conservation Status
Status
Hygrophila auriculata is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in the Red List of South African Plants, it is common and has no severe threats, nor is it in danger of extinction. It is a resilient plant, that thrives in disturbed areas, and due to its spiny nature, in Malawi it is considered a serious weed on pastures grazed by livestock.
Distribution and habitat
Distribution description
Hygrophila auriculata is indigenous to southern and tropical Africa, as well as south and southeast Asia. In South Africa it occurs in the lowveld of Mpumalanga and Limpopo, and in the coastal flats east of the Lebombo Mountains of KwaZulu-Natal, where the climate conditions are hot and humid most of the year. It can be found growing at the edges of waterbodies such as streams, lakes, dams or rivers, on riverbanks and stream edges, as well as in flooded grassland, swamps and waterlogged areas, with different soil types.
Derivation of name and historical aspects
History
The name Hygrophila means ‘water-loving’ and is derived from Greek, hygros, meaning ‘moist’ or ‘humid’, and philos, meaning ‘love’ or ‘friend’, describing the preferred habitat of the genus, which is wet places and environments. The species name auriculata means ‘eared’ or ‘having an ear-like appendage’ and is derived from the Latin for ‘little ear’.
This species has previously been placed under different genera, and is also known under these names: Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees, Barleria auriculata Schumach., Barleria longifolia L., Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson and in 1987 it was published as Hygrophilla schulli by M.R. Almeida and S.M. Almeida , however the name has been declared invalid by the International Plant Names Index.
Hygrophila is a genus of flowering plants in the Acanthaceae family, mostly found in tropical and subtropical parts of the world and has about 100 species. Amongst these species some are aquatic plants, making this genus and Justicia the only genera in the acanthus family that have aquatic plants. Hygrophila species, also known as swampweeds, have mainly been traded for the aquarium trade. Some of them have become troublesome pests and were declared as invasive weeds, due to invading drainage and irrigation systems.
This species is a highly distributed and widespread species compared to other species in the genus. The spines surrounding the inflorescence makes it easy to differentiate H. auriculata from the rest of its genus.
Ecology
Ecology
Hygrophila auriculata is a widely distributed plant and is beneficial to a wide range of both aquatic and land animals. The flowers are known for attracting indigenous butterflies, such as the Queen Purple Tip (Colotis regina), Vine-leaf Vagrant (Eronia cleodora), Green-eyed Vagrant (Nepheronia buquetii subsp. buquetii) and Blue Pansy (Junonia orithya). The nectar is also collected by bees for honey, the plants thus attract bees during its flowering season, and planting this species is recommended for bee keepers for sustainable honey production.
In India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, powdered Hygrophila auriculata is used as a dietary supplement for a native fish as it promotes growth, prevents and controls diseases.
This species has the ability to withstand disturbance, and still thrives in degraded wetlands, even if they are overpopulated with alien invasive plants.
Uses
Use
Hygrophila auriculata is a widely used plant in traditional medicine, almost the entire plant is used. Different parts and the ashes are used for different conditions and diseases across the countries where it is native. Modern research has also confirmed and revealed that the plant contains various medicinal properties to treat numerous conditions and illnesses. It is hailed for its anti-diabetic, anti-tumor and antibacterial properties, and dubbed safe as it does not cause side effects. No toxicity from the plant has ever been reported, making it different from other herbal plants.
In South Africa, H. auriculata was widely used by BaPedi people as a vegetable and is still eaten as a vegetable by the Bangladeshis and in parts of Africa. It is packed with essential minerals recommended for people suffering from anemia. The ashes can also be used to make a vegetable salt.
The roots secrete an aqueous substance that is used in different treatments for liver ailments, liver damage and jaundice. Boiled leaves are used to fight fever, by steaming and bathing in the boiled water. Burnt and smoked leaves and stems are used to heal eye ulcers. Leaves, stems, and flowers are boiled and drunk as a tea for stomachache. Additionally, it is also used as an aphrodisiac, renal tonic, and a remedy for kidney stones. H. auriculata is also used in medication to treat cancer and has antifungal properties.
It is not as well known or used or studied as a medicinal plant in South Africa, especially when compared to other countries where it is also growing naturally.
Growing Hygrophila auriculata
Grow
Hygrophila auriculata is an easy-to-grow and fast-growing plant that can be propagated by seeds and stem cuttings. It is crucial to collect seeds from the plant that has completed its flowering cycle, which ends in August. The seeds of this plant species have poor viability which makes it hard to propagate them outside their natural habitat, as they yield a low germination rate. For a better germination rate the seeds should be propagated in its natural habitat where there is nutrient rich soil and lots of light. Growing the plant from stem cuttings has proven to be the best method.
Scatter seeds in their natural habitat, the edges of ponds, streams, or riverbanks. After the seeds have germinated, pick out the young seedlings, and plant them into bags or into the ground where they will be growing. For seedlings growing in bags, a nutrient rich and damp growth medium is crucial, and plenty of light. Plants grown in bags can be placed in the open sun for maximum growth rate, as light is crucial for plant growth and development.
Like other members of the acanthus family, this plant can be easily grow from cuttings. Take the cuttings from the healthier plants, plant in a nutrient-rich growth medium that retains moisture, use a rooting hormone to promote root growth and place in semi-shade with plenty of light. Hygrophila auriculata cuttings prefer damp soil, that retains moisture, and roots quickly when placed in heated beds.
The plant can easily grow in a wide variety of water parameters making it the go-to plant for aquarist beginners. It is not commonly found in gardens in South Africa, but is more often found in the wild.
References
- Bareke, T. & Addi, A. 2022. Quantifying nectar secretion potential of Hygrophila auriculata (Schum.) Heine (Acanthaceae), and Salvia leucantha Cav. (Lamiaceae) for honey production. Advances in Agriculture: 1-8.
- Botha, M. 2023. Observation of Hygrophila auriculata and Purple Tip butterflies, Ndumo, KwaZulu Natal. iNaturalist. Online. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/175083546.
- Botha, M. 2023. Observation of Hygrophila auriculata, Ndumo, KwaZulu Natal. iNaturalist. Online. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/174736879. 17473687.
- Daniel, M. 2006. Medicinal Plants: Chemistry and Properties. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
- Eshemokha, U. 2019. Interesting health benefits of Hygrophila auriculata. Nigerian Health Blog. Online. https://nimedhealth.com.ng/2019/07/11/interesting-health-benefits-of-hygrophila-auriculata/.
- Johnsundhar, K., et al. 2022. Impact of Hygrophila auriculata supplementary diets on the growth, survival, biochemical and haematological parameters in freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 263: 111097.
- Mtshali, H. & Von Staden, L. 2020. Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2020.1. Accessed on 2024/02/13.
- Nichols, G. 2005. Growing rare plants: a practical handbook on propagating the threatened plants of southern Africa. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 36.
- Nichols, G. 2020. Observation of Hygrophila auriculata, Port Shepstone, KwaZulu Natal. iNaturalist. Online. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/44578313.
- Otto, H. 2014. Butterflies of the Kruger National Park and surrounds. Penguin Random House, South Africa.
- Palmer, R. 2018. Observation of Hygrophila auriculata, Ehlanzeni District, Mpumalanga. iNaturalist. Online. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98360987.
- Palmer, R. 2022. Observation of Hygrophila auriculata, Impala, KZN. iNaturalist. Online. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/121996174.
- Plants of the World online. Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:49646-1. Accessed 05/10/2023.
- Pooley, E. 1998. A field guide to wild flowers Kwazulu-Natal and the eastern region. Natal Flora Publications Trust, Durban.
- Shanmugasundaram, P. & Venkataraman, S. 2006. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Hygrophila auriculata (K. Schum) Heine Acanthaceae root extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104(1): 124-128.
- Useful Tropical Plants, Hygrophila auriculata. https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Hygrophila+auriculata. Accessed 04/10/2023.
- Welcome, A. & Van Wyk, B.-E. 2019. An inventory and analysis of the food plants of southern Africa. South African Journal of Botany 122: 136-179.
- Wikipedia, Hygrophila auriculata. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrophila_auriculata. Accessed 20/06/2023.
- World Flora Online, Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine. https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000726761. Accessed 13/02/2024.
Credits
Ziphezinhle Madonsela
Lowveld National Botanical Garden
February 2024
Acknowledgements: the author thanks Magda Botha, Geoff Nichols and Rob Palmer for providing images for this article.
Plant Attributes:
Plant Type: Aquatic, Bi/Annual, Perennial, Shrub
SA Distribution: KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga
Soil type: Clay, Loam
Flowering season: Winter
PH:
Flower colour: Mauve/Lilac
Aspect: Full Sun
Gardening skill: Easy
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