Mentha aquatica
Mentha aquatica L.
Family: Lamiaceae
Common names: water mint, wild mint, wild thyme, marsh mint, aromatic thyme (Eng); waterment, kruisement, kruistement (Afr), amabunu, imbozisa, umaliwane, umayime, umnuka (isiZulu), ityaleba, icholachola, inxima, inxina (isiXhosa), koena-e-nyenyane, koane-ya-lidiba (Sesotho).
Introduction
A splendorous plant with purple flowers clustered in balls on the internodes of the stems, to entice anyone passing by the marshy field. Not only are you drawn by its beauty, but the plant produces an aromatic minty scent and is very useful for the treatment of mental and respiratory illnesses, and in the kitchen.
Description
Description
Mentha aquatica is a perennial evergreen aromatic herb, with rhizomatous roots and a strong scent of mint. This plant thrives in warm climatic regions and is a fast grower, reaching maturity at a height of 1 m or beyond within a month. The stems are square-shaped and green to purple in colour. The leaves are opposite, oval, finely toothed, occasionally with purple margins and veins. Both the stem and the leaves are usually hairy but sometimes almost hairless. The flowers are small, pale to deep pink to purple, tubular, 5 mm long and grow in clusters up to 20 mm wide around the internodes. Each flower is not attached to the main stalk but has a small stalk called the pedicel (flower stalk) that together form a rounded (globose) flower cluster attached to the stem by the peduncle (stalk of an inflorescence). The inflorescence is on the tip of the stem (terminal), with up to 4 spaced flower clusters at the nodes lower down the stem. The petals are a bit longer than the calyx and there are 4 stamens sticking out from inside the corolla. The calyx has 10 sections. Flowering time is during summer, from October-April. No seeds or fruits were seen.
Conservation Status
Status
According to the Red List of South African plants website, the conservation status of Mentha aquatica L. is assessed as Least Concern (LC). It is not a threatened species.
Distribution and habitat
Distribution description
Mentha aquatica has a worldwide distribution. It originally came from Europe and is cultivated worldwide. In South Africa, it is found in the provinces of Limpopo, North-West, Gauteng, Free State, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Northern Cape, Western Cape and Eastern Cape. It grows in boggy grassland, swamps, marshes and forest streamlines. It grows well in areas with high rainfall and high temperatures. Common in the later stages of the reed dance swamp.
Derivation of name and historical aspects
History
The name Mentha is a Latin name for mint, which was once known as Minthe mistress of Pluto, daughter of Cocytus, who was turned into mint by the jealous Proserpine. Old English minte. The species name aquatica is a Latin word meaning ‘aquatic’ and it refers to something growing or surviving in or near the water.
Ecology
Ecology
With its gorgeous flowers and quite pleasant aroma, there is no doubt that this plant has a bunch of visitors, including humans too. During the flowering season, this plant is visited by pollinators such as butterflies, hoverflies, bees and moths. For a plant with such a pleasant aroma, one would not suspect that it is also visited by flies, but they visit too.
Uses
Use
Water mint has a strong minty aroma, which indicates that it is likely to treat respiratory and mental illnesses. Water mint is used to treat colds, the whole plant is used in this case, prepared in a decoction and the dissolved solution taken as medicine. To treat diarrhea, a decoction is prepared from the bark, mixed with porridge and eaten. The plant is placed under the beds of people struggling with breathing problems. Additionally, the plant is used when one is suffering from menstruation-related matters. Leaf sap is used to treat sore eyes, with just a drop inside the eye. Mentha aquatica and Tagetes leaves are dried and burnt and used by the Venda people of South Africa, they inhale the smoke to treat mental illnesses. It is believed that the plant is useful in fighting evil spirits and casting out spells or curses. It helps with stomach and intestine-related problems, mental-related illnesses, epilepsy and depression. It is used as a balm for sore muscles, to clean wounds, as a natural pesticide, in mouthwash, body wash and lotions. The aroma is said to clear a stuffy nose and blocked air passages. Used as a house plant, it freshens homes. It can also be used to flavour water. When planted on the banks of a stream or pond it helps with erosion control. It is aromatherapeutic. No toxic effects have been reported.
People use leaves in foods and beverages, for the mint flavour, all year round because it is evergreen. Leaves can be eaten raw or cooked, and can be used to add flavour in raw or cooked dishes. Leaves can also be used to make herbal tea.
Growing Mentha aquatica
Grow
Mentha aquatica is easy to grow and can be propagated by seeds or cuttings, although no seeds were used when the author learned the propagation of this plant.
Take stem cuttings and remove the leaves from the lower half of the stem. Place the base of the stems in water and leave to soak. On the 5th day the lateral roots will have grown and the cuttings are ready for planting. Plant the rooted stems in boggy or moist acidic loam soil for the best results. Remember this is a plant that lives in or near the water, thus to grow perfectly it needs water regularly or make sure that the water always enters the container, where you may want to use a cloth connected to both water and the soil. Be careful of overhead watering in warm or humid places it will result in rust.
In seven days, the first new shoots and leaves will have developed. A month later the water mint plant will develop into a nice, matured mint plant. Leaves may then be harvested for cooking or making drinks or for medicinal purposes.
Plant this species in a container, or in the garden where you will not mind it spreading further. This species is suspected to be invasive due to its spreading nature and therefore be cautious when you position it in your garden. Do not plant it where there will be no access to water, it is best to plant it on the edges of a pond, pool, ditch, wet place or waterway. It will make the pond, or the garden looks beautiful and smell as pleasant. Plant it when the temperature is warm to hot in summer for faster results. It grows in full sun exposure and also does well in a little shade.
Water mint has few pest and disease problems hence it is known as a natural pesticide.
It has a tendency of becoming a ground cover, mulching will not be necessary.
References
- Acher, R. 2015. Observation Mentha Aquatica, Middlepunt, Nkangala, Mpumalanga. iNaturalist. Online. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/11044985.
- Boscain, L. 2022. Observation of Mentha aquatica, Laze pri Gorenjem Jezeru, Slovenia. iNaturalist. Online. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/132929142.
- Clarke, H. & Charters, M. 2016. The illustrated dictionary of southern African plant names. Flora & Fauna Publications Trust, Jacana, Johannesburg.
- DIY Gardening ideas. How to grow mint in plastic bottle with water at home. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12iWOcmVGsQ. Accessed on 10/10/2022.
- De Souza, L. B., et al. 2021. Mentha aquatica L. aerial part: in vitro anti-proliferative evaluation on human tumour and non-tumour cell line. Natural Product Research 36(12): 3117-3123.
- Edible Wild Food. Water Mint Mentha aquatica. https://www.ediblewildfood.com/water-mint.aspx. Accessed on 06/10/2022.
- First nature. Mentha aquatica-Water Mint. https://www.first-nature.com/flowers/mentha-aquatica.php. Accessed on 06/10/2022.
- Gardening, know how. Mentha aquatica - Information About Growing Watermint. https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/herbs/mint/growing-watermint.htm. Accessed on 11/10/2022.
- Gardeners World, Mentha aquatica. https://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/mentha-aquatica/. Accessed on 06/10/2022.
- Ghryb, O. 2022.obsevation of Mentha aquatica, Polonsky, Ukraine. iNaturalist. Online. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/132409932.
- Hellen, T.O. et al. 2008. Isolation of the MAO-inhibitor naringenin from Mentha aquatica L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 117: 500-502.
- Levon, A . 2022. Observation of Mentha aquatica, Zdolbuniv Raion, Ukraine. iNaturalist. Online. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/133001486.
- Martin, M.L. et al. 2021. Chapter 4-Antiparasitic agents. Aquaculture Pharmacology 1 : 169-217.
- Mtshali, H., Cholo, F. & Foden, W. 2017. Mentha aquatica L, National Assessment: Red List of South African Plant version 2020.1. Accessed on 2022/10/10.
- Nicolson, G. 2016. Observation of Mentha aquatica, Olifant River, Western Cape. iNaturalist. Online: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/11196755.
- Ralston, C. 2014. Observation of Mentha aquatica, Garden Route Botanical Garden, Western Cape. iNaturalist. Online: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/10941174.
- Rebelo, T. 2014. Observation of Mentha aquatica,Langrietvlei, Western Cape. iNaturalist. Online: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/10985840.
- Wild Food UK. Water Mint. https://www.wildfooduk.com/edible-wild-plants/water-mint/. Accessed on 13/10/2022.
- Wild superfoods. Water Mint: another aromatic wild edible. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGBt-SjfFjc. Accessed on 10/10/2022.
Credits
Swinky Nkosi
National Herbarium, Pretoria
February 2023
Acknowledgments: the author thanks Lesiba Papo for his contributions to the article, and Robert Archer, Luca Boscain, Olexandr Ghryb, Aleksandr Levon, Gregory Nicolson, Colin Ralston and Tony Rebelo and for allowing the use their pictures on iNaturalist.
Plant Attributes:
Plant Type: Aquatic, Perennial
SA Distribution: Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West, Northern Cape, Western Cape
Soil type: Sandy, Loam
Flowering season: Spring, Early Summer, Late Summer, Autumn
PH: Acid, Neutral
Flower colour: Purple, Pink
Aspect: Full Sun
Gardening skill: Easy
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