Conophytum stephanii subsp. helmutii
Conophytum stephanii Schwantes subsp helmutii (Lavis) S.A.Hammer
Family: Aizoaceae
Common names: red woolly button (Eng.), rooiwolknopie (Afr.).
Introduction
Conophytum stephanii subsp. helmutii is a dwarf, much branched, cluster-forming, cliff-hugging, summer dormant succulent. Leaves are fused into a hairy, rounded greyish- to bluish-green succulent body. Flowers are small, solitary, with red petals. Plants grow wild in the eastern Richtersveld. Easily grown as a potted plant.

Fig. 1. Conophytum stephanii subsp. helmutii in flower in early autumn in the Kirstenbosch Succulent Collection, the flowers are red with yellow anthers.
Description
Description
The plants forming small, dense, winter-active (summer-resting) mats up to 50 mm in diameter. Roots fibrous. The leaves are fused into a rounded to obconical greyish- to bluish-green body, often with blunt ends, 7-15 x 4-8 mm, of which the skin (epidermis) is densely olive- or reddish-green covered in whitish hairs (papillae). The old withered leaf sheath covers the plants during the long dry summer. Flowering occurs in early autumn. The flowers are scented, nocturnal, small, with red to bronze petals. The petals in 1–2 series, up to 6 × 1 mm, and the anthers yellow. The fruiting capsule is fragile, hygrochastic, 3- or 6-locular, 3 × 4 mm, rounded. The seed 0.60 mm, finely pustulate.

Fig. 2. Conophytum stephanii subsp. helmutii in cultivation in the Kirstenbosch Succulent Collection, the new leaf pairs are breaking through the whitish protective cover which is the dried remnants of the previous year’s leaf pairs.
Conservation Status
Status
Conophtyum stephanii subsp. helmutii was assessed as Endangered in 2021 by Andy Young and his team, for the Red List of South African Plants. Its population is in decline because plants are being heavily collected for the ornamental succulent plant trade. Fortunately Conophytun stephanii subsp. helmutii has a relatively wide and scattered distribution, and grows on inaccessible cliffs. Plants are well established in cultivation (ex situ conservation), and seed is available from various sources.

Fig. 3. The upper south-facing quartz cliffs of this mountain range within the Richtersveld National Park, Northern Cape is the habitat of Conophytum stephanii subsp. helmutii.
Distribution and habitat
Distribution description
Conophytum stephanii subsp. helmutii is fairly widespread, some populations highly localised growing only on south-facing quartz cliffs, in crevices and fissures, of mountains in the eastern Richtersveld at 600-1 000 m. altitude. Further east, also on quartz flats, growing well-camouflaged. The plants often share their habitat with other small succulents. Summers are hot and dry and the plants are subject to fairly regular fog from the Atlantic Ocean. The average daily maximum temperature about 23°C and average daily minimum is about 9°C, with frost absent or light. Rainfall mainly in winter (cyclonic cold fronts), late summer and autumn (thunder showers), 150–250 mm per annum. The plant grows in the Succulent Karoo biome and occurs in Rosyntjieberg Succulent Shrubland, Umdaus Mountains Succulent Shrubland, Kosiesberg Succulent Shrubland and the Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland.
On a mountain in the Richtersveld National Park, the plant shares its south-facing quartz cliff habitat with other succulents such as Conophytum taylorianum subsp. rosynense, Tylecodon ellaphieae, Tylecodon paniculatus, Crassula montana subsp. borealis, Crassula tomentosa, Haworthia arachnoidea var. namaquensis and Othonna cremnophila.

Fig. 4. Conophytum stephanii subsp. helmutii growing on a sheer cliff in the Richtersveld National Park, Northern Cape, the plants form small mats, they are the small whitish patches in the centre of the image.
Derivation of name and historical aspects
History
Conophytum stephanii subsp. helmutii was named by Mary Lavis (later O’Connor-Fenton) (1903-1992) in 1932, honouring Helmut Meyer (1908-1995) horticulturist from the Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden and sometimes exploring with Hans Herre (Curator of the same garden). The genus name Conophytum is derived from conus, Latin for ‘cone’, and phyton, Greek for ‘plant’ and was created by N.E. Brown in 1922, pertaining to the many species with fused leaves forming a cone-shaped body.
For additional information on conophytums, see the two books by Conophytum specialist, Steven Hammer The Genus Conophytum, a Conograph and Dumpling and His Wife: New Views of the Genus Conophytum.

Fig. 5. Conophytum stephanii subsp. helmutii in the Kirstenbosch Succulent Collection. The new leaf pairs have matured and are actively growing during the winter season. The dense hairs enable the plant to trap fog and dew in its native habitat.
Ecology
Ecology
It is a long-lived winter-growing, summer-resting succulent and the plants form small mats, a habit that is retained in cultivation. The plants grows in quartz crevices and rocky pockets on south-facing cliffs and steep slopes and sometimes well-camouflaged on quartz flats. However always in regions where fog is plentiful. The succulent nature enables the plant to survive the long dry summers when the plant goes into its resting phase. Like most other species of Conophytum, at the end of spring, the moisture from the old fused leaf pair is recycled into a new leaf pair, and the withered remnants of the old leaf pair becomes a covering, protecting the younger leaf pair from sun exposure. During autumn, with cooler conditions, the new leaf pair and flower emerge, breaking through the protective covering. The simple, small, nocturnal, scented, reddish flowers appear in early autumn and are pollinated by a night-flying insect. The dry fruiting capsules retain the seed like most other species of Conophytum, only to release the seeds during a period of rain. The capsule is is hygrochastical, opening with moisture and closing again with dry conditions. During a rain event, the seeds are dispersed. The small seed has a rough surface ideal for establishment in crevices.

Fig. 6. Painting of Conophytum stephanii subsp. helmutii by botanical artists Lisa Strachan from plants originating from the Richtersveld National Park, Northern Cape.
Uses
Use
There are no known medicinal or cultural uses for this species. It is grown as an ornamental pot subject, popular among growers of Conophytums.
Growing Conophytum stephanii subsp. helmutii
Grow
Easily cultivated. Best for small containers grown in a protected environment where moisture and light can be controlled. The soil should be sandy, mineral-poor, with a low organic component and slightly acidic. It prefers dappled shade. Commence watering in autumn when the new leaf pair and flower emerge. Keep moist until spring, and reduce watering drastically and abstain from watering through the summer months until autumn. Plants can be fed with a diluted organic fertiliser.
Propagate from cuttings or seed.
Cuttings are best made in autumn. The best medium is sand. Plant with the leaf tips emerging from the substrate and keep moist. Rooting is usually within a week or two. Once rooted it can be planted into individual containers.
The seed is very fine and can be sown in a sandy mixture. Sow seed in autumn and cover with a very thin layer of gravel. Keep moist. Remove seedlings as soon they are large enough to handle.
References
- Clarke, H. & Charters, M. 2016. The illustrated dictionary of southern African plant names. Flora & Fauna Publications Trust, Jacana, Johannesburg.
- Hammer, S. 1993. The genus Conophytum. Succulent Plant Publications, Pretoria.
- Hammer, S. et al. C. 2002. Dumpling and his wife; new views of the genus Conophytum. EAE Creative Colour Limited.
- Hartmann, H.E.K. 1991. Mesembryanthema. In Systematics, Biology and Evolution of Some South African taxa. Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium 13. 75-157.
- Hartmann, H. 2001. Illustrated handbook of succulent plants. Aizoaceae, A-E. Springer, Berlin.
- Herre, H. 1971. The genera of the Mesembryanthemaceae. Tafelberg, Cape Town.
- Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M.C. (eds) 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
- Van Jaarsveld, E.J. 2011. Cremnophilous succulents of southern Africa: diversity, structure and adaptations. Ph.D.Thesis, University of Pretoria.
- Young, A.J., Desmet, P.G., Ebrahim, I., Guo, D., Harrower, A., Jabar, L., Knoetze, L., Rodgerson, C., Van Wyk, P.C.V. & Mhlongo, N.N. 2021. Conophytum stephanii subsp. helmutii Lavis. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2024.1.
Credits
Ernst van Jaarsveld
Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden (Retired)
Babylonstoren Farm (Current)
Extraordinary senior lecturer and researcher,
Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, University of the Western Cape
September 2026
Plant Attributes:
Plant Type: Succulent
SA Distribution: Northern Cape
Soil type: Sandy
Flowering season: Autumn
PH: Acid
Flower colour: Red
Aspect: Shade, Morning Sun (Semi Shade), Afternoon Sun (Semi Shade)
Gardening skill: Average
Special Features:
Horticultural zones





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