Parinari capensis subsp. capensis
Parinari capensis Harv. subsp. capensis
Family: Chrysobalanaceae
Common names: dwarf mobola-plum, sand apple (Eng.); sandappeltjie, bosappeltjie, gruisappeltjie, grysappeltjie, witappeltjie (Afr.); murunda (Tshivenda), mobolo-oa-fatsi (Sesotho), mmola, molahatshe (Setswana)
Introduction
A dwarf creeping tree of the South African grassland, Parinari capensis subsp. capensis, captivates with its diminutive stature and remarkable adaptability. Commonly referred to as the dwarf mobola-plum, it occurs in northern and eastern South Africa, extending its presence beyond those borders, encompassing regions as far-reaching as Congo and Tanzania. Besides it being a suffrutex (woody perennial), and a ground creeper, Parinari capensis subsp. capensis shares striking similarities with its botanical cousin, Parinari curatellifolia, the mobola plum, a large evergreen tree of southern and tropical Africa. Parinari capensis subsp. capensis has unique characteristics, ecological significance, and diverse utility in traditional medicinal practices and cultural traditions. This species produces the same plum-like edible fruits as the mobola plum, which turn yellow-orange with grey speckles when ripe.
Description
Description
The dwarf suffrutex, which is normally less than 200 mm tall, has a fascinating growth pattern, generating dense carpets by the spread of a vast underground stem and root network. Its small appearance conceals its tenacity and adaptability, demonstrating a distinct botanical strategy for survival and reproduction. The leaves have an eye-catching bicolored appearance, with a glossy white-silver underside that contrasts sharply with the rich green-grey colour on top. The leaves are distinctly inward folding, with their bases and tips gently rounded. They are simple in structure, arranged alternately along the stem. The leaves are held up by short, velvety hairy petioles. These hairs are also noticeable on younger foliage, giving the foliage a velvety texture and adding to the plant's overall visual appeal. During spring, in the months of September and October, inflorescences appear both terminally and axially, frequently near ground level, adding to the plant's subtle yet intricate appearance.
The yellowish flowers, despite their diminutive size, convey an understated elegance with their delicate white petals, while the thickly hairy, sand-coloured calyx protects against environmental pressures. This plant produces oval or spherical fruit that has a scaly texture, so that it is rough to the touch. The fruit is a drupe, borne at the tips of the branches and ripens completely in about a year. These plum-like fruits, are around 50 mm long and have edible golden flesh. When fully mature, they become pleasantly sweet, and they typically ripen on the ground in early summer, between October and January.
This species stands out due to its completely different growth habit, which highlights the fascinating diversity within the genus and the subtle adaptations plants use to thrive in a variety of ecological niches. It shares striking similarities with its close relative, Parinari curatellifolia, particularly in foliage and floral characteristics.
Conservation Status
Status
Parinari capensis subsp. capensis is not threatened, and is classified as Least Concern (LC) by the SANBI Red List of South African plants.
Distribution and habitat
Distribution description
Parinari capensis subsp. capensis is indigenous to the eastern and southern regions of Africa, where it thrives in a variety of habitats, including grassland, woodland, and savanna. This species demonstrates a preference for fairly sandy soils and is often found growing alongside species like Dichapetalum cymosum. This species has a low tolerance for frost and can withstand dry conditions. Its distribution extends from Ethiopia and Kenya in the north to South Africa in the south, encompassing countries such as Tanzania, DRC, Zambia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and of course, South Africa. In South Africa it occurs in the provinces of Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and North West.
Derivation of name and historical aspects
History
The genus name Parinari is derived from the Guyanese name for Parinari montanum, a South American species of tree. The specific epithet capensis means ‘from the Cape’, a region of South Africa. Today ‘Cape’ refers the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Town and the Cape Peninsula, or more broadly to the provinces of Western Cape, Eastern Cape and Northern Cape (formerly all lumped together in the Cape Province). Parinari capensis does not occur in any of the Cape provinces, but in 1862 when the name was given, the publication Flora Capensis meaning ‘Plants of the Cape’ referred to ‘the plants of the Cape Colony, Caffraria and Port Natal’, which encompasses most of modern day South Africa, not just the Cape provinces.
Fossils of Parinari fruits dating back to the early Miocene have been discovered in Ethiopia, Panama, and Colombia, indicating their ancient lineage and widespread distribution across continents.
The family Chrysobalanaceae, to which Parinari capensis subsp. capensis belongs, includes approximately 43 species of trees and shrubs distributed across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, with 6 of those species being indigenous to Africa. Of the 6 species, only 3: P. curatellifolia, P. capensis subsp incohata, and of course the Parinari capensis subsp. capensis, are found south of the Zambezi River all the way down in South Africa.
Historically, Parinari capensis subsp. capensis has been utilized by indigenous communities in Africa for various purposes, including food, medicine, and cultural rituals. Its significance in traditional healing practices dates back centuries, with different parts of the plant being employed to treat ailments ranging from digestive disorders to respiratory infections.
Ecology
Ecology
In its native environment, Parinari capensis subsp. capensis fulfills a crucial ecological function by serving as a vital food source and habitat for various animal species. Bees, birds, mammals, and insects, eagerly feed on the pollen and nectar in the flowers, and on the fruits of this species, and while doing so, pollinate the flowers, and disperse the seeds, thus facilitating the plant's regeneration and playing a pivotal role in dispersing seeds across the landscape.
Moreover, Parinari capensis subsp. capensis contributes significantly to soil conservation and erosion control owing to its extensive root system, underground stem, and dense foliage. These features help stabilize soil, preventing erosion and maintaining ecological balance within its habitat.
Uses
Use
The utility of Parinari capensis subsp. capensis is rich and varied, deeply ingrained in African culture and tradition. The fruits of the dwarf mobola-plum are not only edible but also offer a delightful blend of sweetness and tanginess, enjoyed fresh or transformed into delectable jams, jellies, and beverages like beer. Furthermore, the seeds harbour oils that find utility in both culinary endeavours and traditional cosmetics.
In the realm of traditional medicine, diverse parts of Parinari capensis subsp. capensis come into play, addressing a spectrum of ailments ranging from stomach aches and fevers to various skin conditions. Infusions and decoctions concocted from its leaves and roots serve as potent remedies for both internal and external afflictions.
Culturally, Parinari capensis subsp. capensis carries profound symbolic weight in numerous African societies, where it signifies themes of fertility, abundance, and protection. Rituals and ceremonies in regions such as the Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania often incorporate elements of the plant, such as its leaves or fruits, to evoke blessings and spiritual fortification.
Growing Parinari capensis subsp. capensis
Grow
Parinari capensis subsp. capensis is typically propagated through seeds, which should be harvested from fully ripe fruits and meticulously cleaned before planting. To enhance germination rates, it is advisable to scarify the seed coat or soak the seeds in water for several hours before sowing.
Creating an environment that mirrors the plant's natural habitat is crucial when cultivating Parinari capensis subsp. capensis. This entails providing well-drained soil with good moisture retention.
This tree should be exposed to ample sunlight in the garden, and retaining soil moisture through regular watering and mulching is essential, particularly during the dry season.
Regular pruning may be necessary to shape the tree and eliminate dead or diseased branches, fostering overall vitality and fruitfulness. Additionally, fertilization using organic matter, or a balanced fertilizer can further boost growth and enhance fruit production.
References
- Boon, R. 2010. Pooley's trees of eastern South Africa, a complete guide. Flora & Fauna Publications Trust, Durban.
- Burrows, J., Burrows, S., Lotter, M. & Schmidt, E. 2018. Trees and shrubs of Mozambique. Print Matters Heritage
- Cambell, A. & Hitchcock, R. 1985. Some Setswana names of woody plants. Botswana Notes and Records Volume 17.
- Codd, L.E.W., Dyer, R.A., Rycroft, H.B. & Winter, B.D. 1963. Flora of Southern Africa: the Republic of South Africa, Basutoland, Swaziland and South West Africa. Government Printer. Pretoria.
- Launert, E., Bell, E.A., Mendes, E.J. 1985. Flora Zambesiaca: Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana. Volume 7: Part 2. Royal Botanic Gardens. London.
- Palmer, E. & Pitman, N. 1972. Trees of southern Africa. Balkema, Cape Town.
- Raimondo, D., Von Staden, L., Foden, W., Victor, J.E., Helme, N.A., Turner, R.C., Kamundi, D.A. & Manyama, P.A. (eds) 2009. Red list of South African plants. Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
- Smith, C.A. 1966. Common names of South African plants. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 35. Government Printer, Pretoria.
- Van Wyk, B. & Van Wyk, P. 2013. Field guide to trees of southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, Johannesburg.
- Watt, J.M. & Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa , edn 2. Livingstone, Edinburgh & London.
Credits
Mpho Mathalauga
Pretoria National Botanical Garden
April 2024
Acknowledgements: The author thanks Andrew Hankey and Richard Gill for the images.
Plant Attributes:
Plant Type: Ground Cover, Shrub
SA Distribution: Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West
Soil type: Sandy
Flowering season: Spring
PH: Acid, Neutral
Flower colour: White, Cream
Aspect: Full Sun
Gardening skill: Average
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