Bulbine mesembryanthoides subsp. mesembryanthoides
Bulbine mesembryanthoides Haw. subsp. mesembryanthoides
Family: Asphodelaceae
Common names: stone-plant bulbine, window plants, water glass (Eng.); waterglas, waterkannetjies (Afr.)
Introduction
Bulbine mesembryanthoides subsp. mesembryanthoides is an amazing, miniature, drought-resistant, peculiar plant, best adapted for the semi-arid habitat.
Description
Description
A stemless leaf-succulent with a small underground tuber that produces 2–4 cylindrical, succulent leaves with a translucent tip, at ground level. A fibrous root system anchors the plant in the soil. The golden yellow flowers are borne on a long flower stalk, bearing 1 to 6 flowers, in spring and early summer (September to November). The leaves are tiny, 10–30 × 10–20 mm and the flower stalks up to 200 mm tall. The fruit is an ovoid capsule, containing few black seeds in each chamber. When ripe, the seeds are dispersed by wind.
Bulbine mesembryanthoides subsp. namaquensis, its sibling, differs in having no more than 2 leaves and in its leaf shape, where one leaf is much smaller than the other, the inflorescence is shorter (50–100 mm tall), bearing 1 to 7 flowers, and the filaments have double tufts of hairs. It occurs in pebbly places, mainly in the southern Richtersveld and also in the Northern Cape.
Conservation Status
Status
Bulbine mesembryanthoides subsp. mesembryanthoides is currently assessed as Least Concern (LC) in the Red List of South African plants. This means that the species is not threatened and is not at a risk of becoming extinct.
Distribution and habitat
Distribution description
This widespread species is found growing on both east- and west-facing, rocky slopes (Steven Molteno, pers.comm. 2022), in cracks of rocks and on flats, even on a north-facing slope facing southwards, under bushes or protected by rock overhangs, in clay or sandstone soils, in succulent karoo and fynbos vegetation, at altitudes of 125–1 395 m, from southern Namaqualand in the Western Cape to Graaff-Reinet in the Eastern Cape.
In Worcester it grows where the average annual rainfall is 250 mm, the maximum temperature is 40°C and minimum temperature is -1°C.
In Namaqualand and the Little Karoo, it is usually found in patches, among small white quartz pebbles (Le Roux 2015).
These plants are probably not very frost tolerant, although plants have been recorded in the southern Bokkeveld, which does get occasional frosts (Nick Helme, pers. comm. 2022).
Derivation of name and historical aspects
History
The name Bulbine comes from the Latin bulbus referring to the bulb-shaped tuber of many members of this genus. The specific epithet mesembryanthoides means ‘looking similar to a mesembryanthemum’, because its succulent, windowed leaves look similar to those of Lithops and other, similar, small mesembs, commonly called stone plants or beeskloutjies. The specific epithet is often written as mesembryanthemoides, but the correct spelling is mesembryanthoides, because this is how Adrian Haworth spelled it when he published the name in 1825.
The English common name, window plant, is derived from the translucent leaf-tips and the Afrikaans names waterglas and waterkannetjie, meaning ‘water glass’ and ‘little water container’, refer to the watery solution that the leaves contain.
Bulbine belongs to the Asphodelaceae, the aloe family, which contains about 700 species; this is an Old World group, with a distribution range that stretches from the Cape Peninsula to the Horn of Africa, and into the Arabian Peninsula.
The genus Bulbine has about 50 species, of which 10 species occur in the Klein Karoo and 32 occur in Namaqualand. Other noteworthy members are Bulbine disimilis, with its soft and fragile leaves, Bulbine fallax where the upper leaf surface has attractive bold patterns of several broad, rectangular windows bordered in pale green and Bulbine torta with its peculiar looking, basally twisted, thread-like leaves at ground level.
Ecology
Ecology
Bulbine mesembryanthoides subsp. mesembryanthoides leaves are almost flush with the ground, making it difficult to spot the plant when it is not in flower. It is essentially a geophyte, but retreats underground in the dry season, not to a bulb but an under-the-surface tuber (summer dormant). After the first good rains they start growing, and pop up at the surface, with their characteristic "windows" in their succulent leaves, which allow light in to the photosynthetic surfaces, whilst keeping most of the plant body underground, away from predators, herbivores and desiccation (Nick Helme, pers. comm. 2022).
The succulent leaves give this species a jelly-like appearance. Mice will feed on the juicy leaves when water is minimal plus there is outright herbivory from rabbits and small antelope (bokkies).
Bees pollinate the attractive golden yellow flowers. The seeds are dispersed by wind.
Uses
Use
Back in the day, children ate the juicy leaves, like old-fashioned jelly tots (Vlok 2015).
No medicinal value of this plant has been recorded.
This little gem is not for sale in the nurseries and local gardeners do not know much about them. Even though the seed is offered for sale by a few online sellers who are familiar with the species, most people who do grow it, sell them to succulent collectors.
Being miniature in size, Bulbine mesembryanthoides subsp. mesembryanthoides is best suited to being cultivated as a pot plant than in the open ground.
Growing Bulbine mesembryanthoides subsp. mesembryanthoides
Grow
Bulbine mesembryanthoides is grown from seed. Sow seeds in autumn (March in the southern hemisphere), in a well-drained medium of 2 parts red soil, 2 parts compost and 1 part river-sand, which is sifted and placed in a tray. Sift more river-sand, for the small stones, and sprinkle them on top, to create a space for the seeds to land in between, as it would grow in its natural habitat. Sow the seeds over the stony stand, ensuring that they are well spaced so that there is no competition for light, water and nutrients. Use a mist sprayer to keep the soil moist. Place in a warm area where there is sufficient light, but not direct sunlight, at a minimum temperature of 0°C in winter and 10°C in summer (Yoan DelaMarche, pers. comm. 2022). The use of a damping-off fungicide is advisable.
It should take 2-3 weeks for the seeds to germinate. Once seedlings have 2 leaves transplant them into a well-drained medium which is not rich in organic material. Start to let the soil dry out between waterings.
Overwatering is the easiest way to kill this plant because it is very susceptible to fungal attacks, which result in rotting. Feeding is not necessary and will only cause lush growth which will ruin the natural appearance of the plant.
Pests to watch out for are the normal array, notably weevils and beetles (Nick Helme, pers. comm. 2022).
In its natural environment Bulbine mesembryanthoides subsp. mesembryanthoides will be found with appropriate companion plants like Aloe microstigma (Worcester aloe) with its spotted leaves and Crassula rupestris (kebab bush) with its interesting arrangement of leaves, sometimes tinged a reddish colour, and pink flowers, Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis (renosterbos) with its grey-woolly short, whip-like branches, Drosanthemum micans (Robertson vygie) with its beautiful flowers with red outer petals and chrome yellow inner petals, Montinia carophyllacea (peperbos) with its white cup-shaped flowers and Oedera squarrosa, with its yellow flower heads.
References
- Haworth, A.H. 1825. Mr Haworth’s fourth decade of new succulent plants. Philosophical Magazine and Journal 66:31–32. Accessed via Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Le Roux, A. 2015. Wild flowers of Namaqualand. Struik Nature. Cape Town.
- LLIFLE, The Encyclopedia of Bulbs. Bulbine mesembryanthemoides. http://www.llifle.com/Encyclopedia/BULBS/Family/Asphodelaceae/22628/Bulbine_mesembryanthemoides. Accessed 06/12/2021
- Manning, J. & Goldblatt, P. 2012. Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 1: the Core Cape Flora. Strelitzia 29. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
- Noltee, F. 2016. Bulbine mesembryanthoides Enjoysucculents. Online. https://enjoysucculents.com/2016/02/07/bulbine-mesembryanthoides-part-2-of-3/. Accessed 15/11/2021.
- Noltee, F. 2016. Bulbine mesembryanthoides subsp. namaquensis. Enjoysucculents. Online. https://enjoysucculents.com/2016/02/08/bulbine-mesembryanthoides-part-3-of-3/. Accessed 15/11/2021.
- Smith, C.A. 1966. Common names of South African plants. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 35. Government Printer, Pretoria.
- Victor, J.E. & Klopper, R.R. 2005. Bulbine mesembryanthoides Haw. subsp. mesembryanthoides. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2020.1. Accessed on 2021/11/04.
- Vlok, J. & Schutte-Vlok, A-L. 2015. Plants of the Klein Karoo. Umdaus Press, Hatfield.
Credits
Shireen Harris
Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden
February 2022
Acknowledgements: the author thanks Nick Helme and Steven Molteno for providing information and Baviaankranz, Gerhard Malan, Ayanda Masombuka, Steven Molteno and Greg Nicolson for providing images.
Plant Attributes:
Plant Type: Bulb, Succulent
SA Distribution: Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, Western Cape
Soil type: Sandy, Loam
Flowering season: Spring
PH:
Flower colour: Yellow
Aspect: Morning Sun (Semi Shade), Afternoon Sun (Semi Shade)
Gardening skill: Average
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