Erica haematocodon
Erica haematocodon T.M.Salter
Family: Ericaceae
Common names: bloodbell heath
Introduction
This erica from the Cape peninsula has blood red flowers.
Description
Description
Erica haematocodon is a low-growing, semi-sprawling, woody shrub attaining a maximum spread of 1 m and an average height of 300 mm.
Flowering in midsummer, from December to February, Erica haematocodon's deep red bell-shaped flowers are 3 mm long, occurring in 4's on short side branches. The sepals are green and the stigma has a very small head. The corolla has 4 points at the base and is covered in microscopic hairs. The anthers have awns that splay backwards giving them a wing-like appearance.
The hairy ericoid leaves occur in whorls round the branches in groups of four. E. haematocodon is related to E. mollis but the deep red corolla of E. haematocodon gives it away. E. mollis also has a large flattened stigma and is purplish pink.
Conservation Status
Status
One of the many species exemplifying this precious condition is Erica haematocodon. According to the Red List of South African Plants (Raimondo et al. 2009) E. haematocodon is listed as Rare (R). It is a range-restricted habitat specialist found nowhere else in the world except on rocky slopes of the Cape Peninsula.
Distribution and habitat
Distribution description
Erica haematocodon is endemic to the Cape Peninsula, growing only on the cliffs and rock ledges of Constantiaberg, Noordhoek and Swartkop.
Derivation of name and historical aspects
History
What is an erica? In the field, it is said, that the one major character to look for are the small, narrow, folded leaves, described as `ericoid'. Dating back to the time of the ancient Greek civilization when Theophrastus and Pliny walked the earth, you would have heard them use the term `erike' as they described the heath-like shrubs around them.
Haematocodon is derived from the Latin, haemato, meaning bloody or blood-red and codon meaning bell.
Ecology
Ecology
Erica haematocodon is an example of an endemic species and it is a habitat specialist. What does this mean?
A generalist is an organism that is able to thrive under a wide variety of conditions because it is able to adapt to different conditions rapidly. These organisms are able to get what they need to survive (e.g. shelter, water, nutrients) from a variety of places, and should their environment change they will simply change with it. Everything about a specialist, from its biology, anatomy, ecology, etc. is designed to access particular resources under particular conditions. Specialists therefore, are experts at what they do but to their own detriment. If their environment changes (perhaps their environment gets hotter or, in the case of animals, the particular plant that they eat disappears, for example) that species will most likely become extinct. So, Erica haematocodon is good at what it does. It's a low-growing cliff dweller found at high altitudes on the rocky mountains of the Cape. But, if its environment changes or is damaged..?
A species is described as an endemic when it is unique to a particular geographic location, e.g. it can only be found on the Cape Peninsula and nowhere else in the world. A narrow endemic is even more restricted. Not only confined to a specific geographic region, this species can only be found on a particular soil type and/or habitat, e.g. the south-facing slope of a particular ravine between 100-200 m above sea level under rocks. Endemic species are also at risk when their environment changes because they have adapted to a very particular suite of conditions.
Growing Erica haematocodon
Grow
Like all erica species Erica haematocodon may be grown from seed or cuttings, however, cuttings are easier and faster to grow and produce plants that are far more robust. Plants grown from cuttings can also be transplanted within six months, as opposed to a year for seed-grown plants, and they will flower a year earlier (Schumann et al. 1992). Considering the rarity of this species, however, seeds are likely to be your only option for propagation--regard it as a challenge!
Seed can be purchased from a number of sources, one of which is Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden. If you already have a plant, you should harvest seed just as the flowers start to fall naturally. The old flowers should be dried and then rubbed through a sieve. Sow seed between March and May in a seed tray not less than 100 mm deep. Seed may be soaked in a commercial smoke seed primer for 24 hours before sowing and then dried off. The seed tray, evenly filled with the well-drained acidic medium, should be well watered with a fine rose prior to sowing. Sow seed evenly and cover with a fine layer of the sieved growing medium. Water gently with a fine rose and keep out of direct sunlight and rain in an area with good air circulation. Germination occurs within 1-2 months. When the seedlings are about 10 mm tall place the tray under light shade conditions until October-December. When 20-50 mm tall, prick out and plant in a fynbos potting medium (seven parts sand and three parts sifted humus). Place in light shade and water well. Once established, shading is not required.
Take 40-50 mm cuttings from semi-hard wood two months after flowering from healthy mature plants. Heel and stem cuttings work best. Remove the leaves from the lower 1/3 of the cutting, dip into a rooting hormone and place into a tray filled with 50% peat, or crushed pine bark, and 50% polystyrene. Bottom heating between 22-24°C is applied, and once cuttings are rooted they are potted up into ½ liter plastic bags. Young cuttings must be watered well and kept under shade for a month, after which they are placed into full sun. After 3-4 months plant out.
Soil is a sensitive issue. The potting medium should be well drained and acidic, containing no manure, and have low levels of phosphate. A well-drained sandy loam with a pH between 5 and 5.5, containing about 50% humus is ideal (Brown et al. 2006). Ericas grow better when planted close together with other fynbos plants to form dense stands that cover the ground. They grow particularly well in rockeries or sloping ground but level areas will work as well. Before planting dig in some well rotted pine bark.
References
- Baker, H.A. & Oliver, E.G.H. 1967. Ericas in Southern Africa. Purnell & Sons, Cape Town.
- Brown, N.A.C. & Duncan, G.D. 2006. Grow fynbos plants. Kirstenbosch Gardening Series. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town.
- Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R. 1995. Plants and their names. Oxford University Press, New York.
- Jackson, W.P.U. 1990. Origins and meanings of South African plant genera. University of Cape Town Printing Department.
- Oliver, T. (E.G.H.) & Oliver, I. 2000. Ericas of the Cape Peninsula. National Botanical Institute, Cape Town.
- Raimondo, D., Von Staden, L., Foden, W., Victor, J.E., Helme, N.A., Turner, R.C., Kamundi, D.A. & Manyama, P.A. (eds) 2009. Red List of South African plants. Strelitzia 25.South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
- Schumann, D., Kirsten, G. & Oliver, E.G.H. 1992. Ericas of South Africa. Fernwood Press, Vlaeberg.
Credits
Julia Dabush
Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden
May 2011
Plant Attributes:
Plant Type: Shrub
SA Distribution: Western Cape
Soil type: Sandy
Flowering season: Late Summer
PH: Acid
Flower colour: Red
Aspect: Full Sun
Gardening skill: Easy
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